Kuthekani ngebhegi yephepha le-kraft kwinkulungwane ye-19?

Kuthekani ngebhegi yephepha le-kraft kwinkulungwane ye-19?

Emva phaya kwinkulungwane ye-19, ngaphambi kokuba kubekho iivenkile ezinkulu, kwakuqhelekile ukuba abantu bathenge zonke iimpahla zabo zemihla ngemihla kwivenkile yokutya kufutshane nalapho babesebenza okanye behlala khona. Kunzima ukuthengisa iimpahla zemihla ngemihla kubathengi emva kokuba zithunyelwe ngobuninzi kwiivenkile zokutya ngeebhareli, iingxowa zelaphu okanye iibhokisi zomthi. Abantu babenokuphuma baye kuthenga kuphela ngeebhaskithi okanye iingxowa zelinen ezenziwe ekhaya. Ngelo xesha, izinto ezisetyenziswa ephepheni zaziseyi-jute fiber kunye neentloko zelinen ezindala, ezazikumgangatho ophantsi kwaye zinqabile, kwaye zazingenakukwazi nokuhlangabezana neemfuno zokuprinta amaphephandaba. Malunga nowe-1844, umJamani uFriedrich Kohler wasungula indlela yokwenza iphepha le-pulp yomthi, eyakhuthaza kakhulu uphuhliso lweshishini lephepha kwaye ngokungathanga ngqo yazala urhwebo lokuqala.ibhegi yephepha le-kraftkwimbali.

Ngowe-1852, uFrancis Waller, isazinzulu sezityalo saseMelika, wasungula isityalo sokuqalaibhegi yephepha le-kraftumatshini wokwenza, owathi emva koko wakhuthazwa waya eFransi, eBritane nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Kamva, kwazalwa iplywoodiingxowa zephepha le-kraftkunye nenkqubela phambiliibhegi yephepha le-kraftIteknoloji yokuthunga yenze ukuba iingxowa zekotoni ezisetyenziselwa ukuthutha imithwalo emikhulu nazo zithatyathelwe indawo yiiingxowa zephepha le-kraft.

Xa kufikwa kweyokuqalaibhegi yephepha le-kraft emdakaukuze ithenge, yazalwa ngo-1908 eSt. Paul, eMinnesota. UWalter Duverna, umnini wevenkile yokutya yasekuhlaleni, waqala ukukhangela iindlela zokwenza abathengi bathenge izinto ezininzi ngaxeshanye ukuze anyuse intengiso. UDuverna wayecinga ukuba yibhegi esele yenziwe ngaphambili engabizi kwaye kulula ukuyisebenzisa kwaye inokuthwala ubuncinci iikhilogram ezingama-75. Emva kovavanyo oluphindaphindwayo, uya kuba ngumgangatho wento efakwe kule ngxowa yokutshixa kwiiphepha lekrafti elimdaka, kuba ISEBENZISA i-pulp yefayibha yomthi we-conifer ende, kwinkqubo yokupheka ngekhemistri, i-caustic soda kunye ne-alcali sulphide zilungiswa kakuhle, zenza ukuba umonakalo wefayibha yomthi wokuqala ube mncinci, ngaloo ndlela ekugqibeleni yenziwe ngephepha, inxulumene kakhulu nefayibha, iphepha liqinile, linokumelana noxinzelelo olukhulu kunye noxinzelelo ngaphandle kokuqhekeka. Kwiminyaka emine kamva, eyokuqalaibhegi yephepha le-kraft emdakayenzelwe ukuthengelwa. Ingunxande ezantsi kwaye inomthamo omkhulu kuneyohlobo lwendabuko olufana no-Vibhegi yephepha le-kraft. Intambo idlula ezantsi nasemacaleni ebhegi ukuze yonyuse umthamo wayo wokuthwala umthwalo, kwaye kuvela izikhonkwane ezimbini ezilula ukuzibamba phezulu kwebhegi. UDuverna wayibiza le ngxowa yokuthenga ngegama lakhe waza wayinika ilungelo elilodwa lobunikazi ngo-1915. Ngeli xesha, ngaphezulu kwesigidi sezi ngxowa zazithengiswa minyaka le.

Inkangeleko yomdakaiingxowa zephepha le-kraftitshintshe indlela yokucinga yendabuko yokuba ubungakanani bokuthenga bunokukhawulelwa kuphela kubungakanani bezinto ezinokuthwalwa ngezandla zombini, kwaye yenze abathengi bangabi saxhalaba ngokungaziphathi, nto leyo enciphisa uyolo lokuthenga ngokwalo. Kusenokuba kukugqithisa ukutsho ukubaibhegi yephepha le-kraft emdakaukuthengisa okuphuculiweyo ngokubanzi, kodwa ubuncinane kwatyhila kumashishini ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuqikelela ukuba zingaphi izinto abathengi abaza kuzithenga de amava okuthenga abe mnandi, aphumle kwaye abe lula kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Yile ngongoma kanye ebangela ukuba abo bafika kamva banike ukubaluleka kumava okuthenga abathengi, kwaye ikwakhuthaza uphuhliso lweebhasikithi zeevenkile ezinkulu kunye nenqwelo yokuthenga kamva.

Kwisiqingatha senkulungwane esilandelayo, uphuhliso lwe-browniphepha le-kraft iingxowa zokuthengaKunokuthiwa ithambile, ukuphuculwa kwezinto zenza ukuba amandla ayo okuthwala aqhubeke nokukhula, imbonakalo iye yaba ntle ngakumbi nangakumbi, abavelisi bashicilela zonke iintlobo zeempawu zorhwebo, iipatheni kwiingxowa zephepha le-kraft ezimdaka, kwiivenkile nakwiivenkile ezitratweni. Kude kube phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-20, ukuvela kweengxowa zeplastiki zokuthenga kwaba lolunye utshintsho olukhulu kwimbali yophuhliso lweengxowa zokuthenga. Zincinci, zomelele kwaye zingabizi kakhulu ukwenza iingenelo ezifana nengxowa yephepha le-kraft emdaka eyayisakuba yinto ethandwayo. Ukususela ngoko, iingxowa zeplastiki ziye zaba lukhetho lokuqala lokusetyenziswa imihla ngemihla, ngelixa iingxowa zesikhumba senkomo ziye “zabuyela kumgca wesibini” kancinci kancinci.

Ekugqibeleni, iphelileibhegi yephepha le-kraft emdakaIngasetyenziswa kuphela egameni elithi “ixesha lokukhumbula izinto zakudala”, “indalo” kunye “nokukhuselwa kwendalo” kwinani elincinci leemveliso zokhathalelo lolusu, impahla kunye neencwadi, ukupakisha iimveliso zeaudio kunye nevidiyo.

Kodwa umkhwa wehlabathi wokuchasa iplastiki ubuyisela ingqalelo yabalindi bendalo kwindalo esidala.ibhegi yephepha le-kraft emdakaUkususela ngo-2006, iMcDonald's China iye yazisa kancinci kancinci i-insulationibhegi yephepha le-kraft emdakaukutya okuya kutyiwa kuzo zonke iindawo zayo zokuthengisa, endaweni yokusebenzisa iingxowa zokutya zeplastiki. Eli nyathelo liphinde laphindwa ngabanye abathengisi, abanjengoNike kunye noAdidas, ababekade bengabathengi abakhulu beengxowa zeplastiki, kwaye batshintsha iingxowa zokuthenga zeplastiki ngezisemgangathweni ophezulu zephepha elimdaka.